Surface and groundwater resource and their conservation

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Topic-Upsc GS 2nd paper, Water Resources, river linking 

Challenges related to water availability 

  1. India has 4% of the world’s water resources which supports 17% world’s population and 20% of world’s livestock population. Per capita water availability India is 1545 metre cube per year as per 2011 census. This makes India a water stressed country. 

Note- 

    • Water stressed country: if per capita water availability is less than 1700 meter cube per year the country becomes water stressed country 
    • Water scarce country: if per capita water availability is is less than 1100 metre cube per year the country becomes water scarce country. 
  • Poor water quality 

              Water Resources Management 

  1. Central ground water board is implementing national equifer mapping and Management programs which envisages mapping of equifer their characterisation  and development of equifer Management plan of ground water Resources in the country.
  2. Atal bhujal yojana- Government of India is implementing Atal Bhujal Yojana of Rupees 6000 crore Central sector scheme for sustainable management of water resources with community participation.
  3. Atal Jal is being implemented in 81 water stressed district and 8 774 Gram Panchayat of 7 States namely Gujarat,Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra,Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan Haryana,Karnataka.
Water being a state subject initiative on water management including
  • Water conservation
  • Water harvesting 
  • Making available potable water in primary states responsibility. 

Water scarcity 

  • In India per capita water availability  is decreasing due to increase in population. 
  • Due to hai temporal and Patiala variation in many region of the country each much below than the national average and this may result in water stress condition.
  • Reassessment of water availability in India using space inputs has been carried out has been carried out by Central Water Commission in 2019 as per the study annual water resource of of twenty basins of the country has been assessed as 1999. 20 billion cubic meter.
  • The study further reveals that 8 basins ( brahmaputra, godavary,  Brahmani & baitrani, mahanadi, narmada, tapi, West flowing rivers from tadri to kanyakumari and minor rivers draining into Myanmar and Bangladesh will have percapita utilization water more than the projected per capita water use in the year 2050.
  • However,  14 basins ( Indus, Ganga,  barak,  krishna,  cauvery, subernarekha, pennar,  Mahi,  sabarmati,  West flowing rivers from tapi to tadri , east flowing river of kutchh and saurastra including luni,  and area of inland drainage in Rajasthan, will have percapita utilizable water less than the per capita use. 
AMRUT : Government of India has launched the Atal mission for rejuvenation and urban transformation on 25 June 2015, in select 500 cities and towns across the country. One of the key objectives of the mission is to ensure that every household has access to a tap connection with assured supply of water. The water supply component includes 
  • new and augumentation ,
  • rehabilitation of water supply systems, 
  • Rejuvenation of water bodies for drinking water supply, 
  • special water supply management for difficult areas hill and coastal cities. 
National rivers linking programs:

A national perspective plan plan was prepared by the Din Ministry of irrigation now( Ministry Of Jal Shakti )in August 1980 for water resource development through interbasin of water, for transferring water from water surplus basins to water deficit basins. Under national perspective plan national water development agency has identified 30 links ( 16 under peninsular components And 14 under Himalayan components for preparation of feasibility reports. 
Such 
  • Mahanadi Godavari link 
  • Godavari Krishna link 
  • Krishna pennar link
 

Causes of Ground water depletion 
  • Over exploration for Irrigation and industrial purposes: for example in Chinhat block of Lucknow in UP,  the increasing exploitation of water and the falling ground water level was the major concern now improving through rain water harvesting.
  • Deforestation 
  • Concretization 
  • Land use change: building, roads, 
 Groundwater Conservation strategy/measures 
  • Water harvesting 
    • Rain water harvesting 
    • Roof top rain water 
  • Drip Irrigation 
  • Sprinkle Irrigation 
  • Pond Renovation and new pond
  • Check Dams construction 
  • Reuse of water 
  • Plantation/ Afforestation 


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