Shabd-Gyaan

A

• Adaptation means building resilience of society to better cope with the impact of Climate Change. It can be done, for example by designing houses that better withstand storm, and growing crops more resilient to heat. 

• Aggregates: A generic term for crushed rock,  sand, and gravel used in construction materials, water filtration. 

• Appreciation: In foreign exchange market when an economy improves its value of domestic currency against foreign currency in free floating regime is termed as Appreciation. This is not fixed by the the government of domestic economy.

• Amino acid: are organic compound that contains amino ( -NH3+) and carboxylate ( - CO2- ) along with side chain. 
• Amino acid contains:
• Carbon 
• Nitrogen 
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen 
• Sulfur as side chain 

• Aparigraha:  means non possessions ( a change of heart)

B

• Bacteriophage :

• They are bacteria eater virus 
• These virus infects and destroy bacteria 
• Bacteriophages virus contains nucleic acid ( DNA or RNA) that are enclosed into a protein cell.
• These micro-organisms are ubiquitous in the nature and are most abundant in oceans that convert dissolved carbon molecules into carbon dioxide.
• Bacteriophages also infects other microorganisms prokaryotes known Archaea.
• Bacteriophages are used to treat bacterial diseases in medical therapies. 
• A virus that destroys harmful bacteria and pathogens and does not putrefy or deteriorates the quality of water. Bacteriophages are present in Ganga water.

• Black hole :Horizon of no return

• Block chain Technology :The three main properties of Block chain technology are:

• Decentralisation
• Transparency 
• Immutability


• Borne : means carried by or moved by a particular thing 



• Breathings: 

  all breathing creatures inhale and exhale some oxygen. for example exhaled human breath contains 78% nitrogen, 16% oxygen, and 4% CO2. The rest are minor gases such as acetone and Ethanol and other compound.

• Brain fog: It is a loss of cognitive skill of Covid-19 recovered patients  such as lack of smell because of their affected Brain 

• Brown Dwarf: a kind of failed stars that have an atmosphere very similar to that of Jupiter

• Brown Field site:A derelict industrial area that has been demolished to accommodate new industries. This is apposite to the greenfield location where aa new industry is setup in a new area. 

C

• Carbon Fertilization 
  • Increased plant growth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the  atmosphere

  
  
• Coal Bed Methane :
• It is an unconventional form of natural gas found in bed of  coal deposits or coal seams.
• It is formed during the process of coalification, the transformation of plants materials into coal.
• It is also called "sweet gas" because it lacks hydrogen sulphide.
• Contains propane, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4).

D

• Desuphurisation: it is a chemical process of removing sulphur dioxide content from the fuel gas emission.  
• Depreciation: its simple meaning is decrease. But, it has different meaning in different situation without interference of domestic government of the economy.
•  In first instance, such as in foreign exchange market, Depreciation is a decrease in the value of an economy's currency in front of foreign currencies. 
• In second instance, in domestic economy, a Depreciation is a decrease or loss of  value of an asset due to either its use or wear and tear, this also known as capital consumption. Here Depreciation means wear and tear. 

• Devaluation: in the foreign exchange market, it is a cutting down  foreign exchange rate of domestic  currency by its government against any foreign currency. This Devaluation is caused by the government of the economy under its trade policy. It is an official Depreciation. 

• 3D Printing

1. Preparation of confectionery items 
2. Manufacturing of bionic ears
3. Automative industry 
4. Reconstructive surgeries 
5. Data processing technologies

E

• Earth hour : It is the worldwide movement organised every year to switch off the lights for the nature and was started in Sydney 

• Exoplanets ( extra solar planets) :  all those planets that are present outside our solar system are called exoplanet and orbiting the patent stars at different inclination angles

F

• Federalism: a system of government in which states unite and give up some of their power to the central authority.  Federalism means a system of giving power to the central authority. 
• Foreign exchange Market: the market where different currencies can be sold and bought is called the foreign exchange market.
• 
  

G

•  Genetic Scissors : A tool for rewriting the code of life through CSISPR-Cas9

• 
  
• Green Economy: it is defined as an economy which is low carbon, resource efficient and socially inclusive. 
• Green Hydrogen : it is òproduced by splitting water into Hydrogen and oxygen in electrolyzer by using renewable- powered electricity  such as solar energy. 
• Green infrastructure :
  It is strategically planned networks of natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features designed and managed to deliver a wide range of services such as water purification, flood management, recreation as either a complement or a substitute to built infrastructure.

• Greenfield  site : Areas beyond the city where development can take place unfettered by earlier building and where low density, high amenity, building can be constructed.

H

• Honesty : to tell truth and being true 

I

• Inclusive Wealth :It refers the wealth of a country assets including its natural assets.

• Integrity :is having strong moral principle based on honesty and follow those principle religiously.

J

K

L

M

• Methanoges : are microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic by product in hypoxic condition 

N

O

P

• Probity: means probus ( good) in Latin language, The quality of being honest and behaving correctly, acting ethically and fairly.

It  is more from professional point of view such as 

• keeping good record
• maintaining an audit trial  
• clear honest communication
• implementing process and actions that are consistent, accountable, transparent and audible.

Q

R

• Revaluation: when a government increases exchange rate of its domestic currency against foreign currency in foreign exchange market is termed as revaluation.  It is official appreciation.

• Ryot: means a pleasant or farmers 

S

• Sarvodaya means welfare of all 

• Sargassum: a brown seaweed characterised by a bushy form.

• Sati: it was a orthodox evil practice to burn widow alive on her husband's pyre without her will. 
• It was William bentinck who made it a crime against humanity in 1829 and strongly supported by Rajaram Mohan Ray .. 
• Government of India passed an act in 1856 to enable widow remarry and Pandit Iswar Chandra Vidya Sagar.

• Satyagraha : sadagraha is composed of sada means truth means Satya and Agraha means firmness. It is a designation of Struggle. 

• Sambhav means equability ( a change of attitude)

• Sea buck thorn berry  : it is also known as "Leh berry"  found in Ladakh. It is an exclusive food product of cold desert. 
• This is used in making Juices, Jam, Herbal tea, Vitamin C supplements,healthy drinks, creams oils and soaps. 
• This has potential for food processing 
• It has potential to give employment and generate livelihoods. 
• These are extracted from wild sea buck thorn plants.

• Seaweed:large marine multicellular algae

• Secularism :
• It is mentioned in the preamble of India;
• It means India is a country of all religions without any discrimination and are secured;

• 
  It means India protect both's rights and liberty of who profess and not profess any religion;
• It means India is not anti- religion, pro- religion or irreligious. 
• It means one may choose any religion for one's faith and to worship any God;
• One may be pessimistic and optimistic in believing God.
• Freedom to worship God of his/ her choice 

• Silent Killer ( meant: Air Pollution) 
  • According to UNO air pollution is responsible for about 7million premature deaths worldwide each year.
  • Nitrogen dioxide, the poisonous gas emitted by diesel engine vehicle (such trucks, cars, autos)
  • Traffic related pollution such as soots, and particulate matters (pm)

• Shale Gas:

  • It is a natural Gas that is found trapped within shale stone formations
  • It has become an important source  of natural gas in the USA. 

• Sustainable Development
•  
  It refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• It has become the buzzword of the 21st century with looming environmental challenges such as climate change, sea level changes, biodiversity loss, pollution. 

• Sustainable resource management 

• It means both 

1. Ensuring that consumption does not exceed level of sustainable supply.
2. Ensuring that the the Earth’s systems are to perform their natural functions (i.e. sand and sediments materials flow process in river should not be affected by sand mining).

• Sustainable Supply 

• Sustainable supply refers to the amount of resources that can be extracted and  used for production and consumption before the the threshold of a safe operating space is surpassed.
• Means level of consumption must not increase in any circumstance above level of production.
• Condition: consumption < prodution 

• Swaraj : means self government 

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T

• Tabligh means propaganda and conversion to Islam 

• Trade Balance: the monetary difference of the total export and import of an economy in one financial statement year is called trade balance. It has two wings one is positive means favorable where export exceeds import cuasing gains of foreign exchange  reserves and the second is negative or unfavourable where import exceeds export causing loss of foreign exchange assets/ reserves.

• Trade Policy: the economic policy that regulates the export- import activities of any economy is called trade policy.  Its other names are foreign trade policy and exim policy. Trade policy varies accordingly with world’s economic policies or the trading partners. 

U

V

• Vapour Pressure deficit:: It indicates how dry air is, it represents the difference between the amount of water present in atmospheres and and the maximum amount that atmosphere can hold.
• The greater the deficit the higher will be the drawn of water from the soil and plants and drying them out making favourable to catch fire 
• It is major cause of forest fire in California ( West America)
• Vapour pressure is less.

W

X

Y

Z

• Zephyr :
• Air quality sensor called Zephyr, developed by the mobility management company Siemens mobility 
• It can produce real-time measurements for various pollutants, to make meaningful timely interventions based on reliable pollution data &and prevailing air quality levels

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• Mahatma means a high souled person 

• Mantra means a secred text
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• Shastra means scripture 
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• Tadgud means jaggery prepared from palm juice 

• Toddy means juice of palm tree which becomes intoxicating when it has fermented 

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2D- electron Gas (2DEG)

• Rashba effect which consists of splitting spinbands in an electronic system might play key role in spintronic device. 

Anti smog gun and smog tower 

• To control the air pollution 

Utopian

• This word emerged from the supreme court of India in regard of corruption that judiciary are not tottaly able to control corruption alone.

Gopa-ashtami

• Worship of cow at kanha upvan (cow shelter) 

Black summer 

• Bushfire in Australia that destroyed millions hectares, people, billions of animals.

Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity 

• Light is affected by gravity 
• Matter warps its surrounding space-time

Circular Economy 

The Circular economy is one in which waste materials and products are reused and recycled within the production and consumption system. It is the better use of waste for new materials. 

Efficiency 

It is a broad concept that compares the inputs to a system with its outputs, it essentially means achieving more with less. Efficiency includes activities to improve productivity (value added/ inputs) and minimise intensity (input/value added).

Mineral sand

Eroded material from hard rock sources like granite, basalt accumulates on beaches within river systems and on coast line contains Mineral. 

It is these benches from which these valuable material are extracted for end use in jewelry, as pigment in paint, plastic,  paper, foods, in electronics. Mineral sand are parts of a class of ore deposits that contain heavy minerals such as ilmenite, zircon, leuxoxene,and rutile.

Natural sand 

Sand ecracted from natural environment 

Salinity 

Salinity is the amount of salt in Grams present in 1000 grams of water and average Salinity is 35.

In Principle 

It is a mission to search uranium in Amrabad Tiger Reserve in Telangana by the union ministry of forest , environment and climate change. 

Unit

One barrel =159 litres
 
Fiscal Deficit 

Fiscal deficit is the shortfall in the government's ear ings compared to what it spends. A larger fiscal deficit means the government is saddled with loans. This influences sovereign credit worthiness ratings assigned by global ratings agencies. A larger fiscal deficit tends to increase the government's borrowing costs. 

Exoplanet 

Planet outside our solar system so far 4,400 planet have been discovered. 

Light year 

A Light year is the distance that light travels in a calendar year  -about 9.5 trillions km

Low carbon bricks 

Raw material are construction and demolition waste ( CDW), fly ash and furnace slag. 

• CDW are crushed
• Blended with soil+ Si/ Al+ alkali and mixed
• Compact alkali  activated mixed into brick 
• Cure the brick at 70⁰ to 80⁰c.
•